Bobwhite Quail

Physical Characteristics

How many females to a male

Bobwhites are territorial, especially males. A lower male-to-female ratio helps prevent male aggression and ensures that females aren't subjected to excessive mating attempts, promoting a harmonious breeding environment.​

Size

Bobwhite Quail are small birds, typically measuring about 10 inches (25 cm) in length with a wingspan of approximately 14-15 inches (36-38 cm). They generally weigh between 5.1 to 6.0 ounces (145 to 170 grams).

Appearance

Males have a striking white throat and eyebrow stripe bordered by black, while females have a brown throat and eyebrow stripe. Both sexes have a mixture of brown, black and white plumage that provides excellent camouflage in their natural habitat. They have a rounded body, short tail and a strong, curved bill. Their plumage pattern helps them blend in with their surroundings, making them less visible to predators.

Lifespan

In the wild, Bobwhite Quail typically live 1-2 years due to predation and environmental factors. In captivity, with proper care, they can live up to 4-5 years.

Habitat

Requirements

Bobwhite Quail need a spacious enclosure. An outdoor aviary or a large, secure pen is ideal, providing them with enough room to roam and exhibit natural behaviors.

The enclosure should include sheltered areas to protect them from weather and predators. Dense vegetation, logs, and branches can help mimic their natural habitat.

Use sand, gravel, or dirt as the flooring material. Ensure the enclosure is predator-proof.

Diet

Primary Diet

A commercial game bird feed with 20-24% protein is suitable for Bobwhite Quail. This ensures they receive the necessary nutrients.

Supplements

Fresh vegetables, fruits, and insects (like mealworms and crickets) can be added to their diet for variety and additional nutrition.

Water

Provide fresh, clean water at all times. Use a shallow dish or poultry waterer to prevent drowning.

Social Behavior

Group Dynamics

Bobwhite Quail are social and prefer to live in groups called coveys, which consist of 10-20 birds. Keeping them in small groups helps reduce stress and promote natural behaviors.

Handling

They are not as tame as other pet birds and can be skittish. Minimal handling is recommended to avoid stress.

Health and Wellness

Clean Environment

Maintain a clean living space to prevent disease. Regularly clean the aviary, remove waste, and replace substrate as needed.

Health Checks

Monitor the birds for signs of illness, such as lethargy, abnormal droppings, or changes in eating habits. Consult a veterinarian experienced with avian species if health issues arise.

Dust Bath

Provide a dust bath area with fine sand or dust to help them maintain their plumage and reduce parasites.

History

Bobwhite Quail have been inhabitants of North America for millennia, playing roles in the cultures and subsistence practices of various Native American tribes. They were valued for their meat and feathers, used in rituals, ceremonies, and everyday life.

European Colonization

With the arrival of European settlers in the 17th century, Bobwhite Quail became more widely recognized and encountered across the eastern and central parts of the United States. Their adaptable nature allowed them to thrive in agricultural and forested landscapes altered by human settlement.

Sporting Tradition:

During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Bobwhite Quail became popular game birds among hunters, particularly in the southeastern United States. Their swift flight and evasive behavior made them a challenging quarry, contributing to the development of hunting traditions and sportsmanship that continue to this day.

Breeding

Breeding Season

Bobwhite Quail can breed in captivity, typically from late spring through summer.

Nesting

Provide nesting materials like grass and straw. Females lay 12-16 eggs per clutch, with an incubation period of about 23 days.

Quail Chick Care

Brooder Setup

Temperature: Provide a heat lamp or ceramic heat emitter to keep the brooder warm. The temperature should be kept at about 95°F (35°C) for the first week, then gradually reduced by 5°F (3°C) each week until the chicks are fully feathered and can regulate their own temperature.

Feeding

Provide a high-protein game bird starter feed with at least 24-28% protein. This feed is crucial for the rapid growth and development of the chicks.

Feeder and Waterer

Use shallow feeders and waterers to prevent chicks from drowning. Marbles or pebbles can be placed in water dishes to keep chicks safe.

Outdoor Transition

Chicks should be fully feathered before transitioning outdoors, usually around 6-8 weeks of age. This ensures they can regulate their body temperature and are better protected against the elements.

Joining the adults

Integration with Adults

Chicks should be at least 6-8 weeks old before joining the adults. They should be fully feathered and able to regulate their body temperature.

Observe Behavior

Watch for signs of aggression or bullying from the adults. If the chicks are significantly smaller or weaker, they may need more time before integration.